GENERATION OF METEOROLOGICAL LOADS
MODULES MENU
Automatic generation of snow and wind loads for standard structures
This module provides the ability to automatically generate the snow and wind loads on structures according to the design standard. The automatically generated meteorological load can only be placed on outer contour planes of a structure. The critical load combination result can be efficiently applied to a significant number of possible load combinations.
In many cases, the simple schemes and design rules detailed in the standards are not applicable for the analysis of more complex structures. In the case of wind loads, it may be justifiable to carry out computational simulations and/or experiments to define the steady-state wind pressure for the structure.
The WIND module of AXISVM offers support to designers for such cases by determination of wind loads using digital wind tunnel simulations for arbitrary structures. A detailed description of the WIND module can be found on the Generation of meteorological loads page.
Requirements / recommendations
- no requirements
DESIGN CODES
Eurocode 1
EN 1991-1-3
EN 1991-1-4
Swiss standard
SIA 261
Italian standard
NTC
CHARACTERISTICS
- automatic generation of snow and wind loads according to the selected standard
- individual parameters that can be specified according to the requirements of national annexes
- the meteorological loads are distributed on load panels covering the building or structure
- load zones are created based on the type and geometry of the structure
- the algorithm handles both undrifted and drifted snow load cases
- the total wind load of a complex structure can be assembled by the loads of the implemented basic structural types
- the generated meteorological loads are considered as static loads; their dynamic effect cannot be examined
DETAILS
AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF LOAD CASES
The module automatically generates the necessary load cases belonging to the snow and wind load groups. Depending on the requirements of the standard, there can be a significant number of load combinations, the handling of which is facilitated by the critical combination result.
USING LOAD PANELS
The module requires the use of the AxisVM load panel tool. The boundary planes of the structure must be covered by load panels; the snow and wind loads are distributed on these panels considering different load zones.
The load panel has no structural role in the model. It only serves to distribute the loads placed on it to the structural elements.
SNOW LOAD PARAMETERS
Snow loads can be generated for pitched, flat, or cylindrical roofs. The characteristic value of the snow load and other coefficients can be defined considering the specific rules of the set standard.
SNOW LOAD – SPECIAL OPTIONS
The module can calculate snow load shape coefficients for roofs abutting and close to taller construction works or roofs with a parapet that acts as an obstruction. It can also consider the effects of overhanging snow on roof edges. Parameters are stored with the edges so different roof edges can have different parameters.
As the wind direction, the global X, Y directions of the model and the directions enclosing an angle of 45 degrees with them are taken into account.
WIND LOAD PARAMETERS
The required basic data of wind loads can be set in the general parameters. The required data may differ depending on the set standard:
- wind velocity and pressure coefficients
- terrain category
- custom directional factors
WIND LOAD – CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WIND
In the module, wind loads can be assigned and generated for substructures of a model, defined by the selected parts. For each substructure, a primary structural model type according to the standard must be assigned. For building type substructures flat roof, mono-pitch roof, duo-pitch roof, hip roof, and barrel roof types are available. Additionally, canopies and free-standing walls and signboards can also be defined.
The implemented method allows the user to approximate the wind load of complex structure with different standard models, and the program can combine wind loads for such substructures into a general wind load for the whole structure.
TABLE OF WIND LOAD PARAMETERS
After the wind loads have been generated, all the data related to their calculation is available in the Table Browser. Wind load parameters summarize the values that are not load case specific while wind load case parameters summarize load case specific parameters for each wind load case. These parameters are grouped by the zones generated on the selected load panels.
Wind load determination using digital wind tunnel simulation for any structures
WIND MODULE
In many cases, the specifications for typical structures discussed in the standards do not apply to the analysis of more complex spatial structures.Â
To assess wind loads, it may be necessary to evaluate pressure fields using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and/or wind tunnel testing. The WIND module offers support to designers in such cases. The WIND module enables the determination of wind loads using a digital wind tunnel simulation. The wind pressure field obtained from the wind tunnel simulation is converted to structural loads, forming load cases for each specified wind direction.
Requirements / Recommendation
- The module can be used to perform digital wind tunnel simulation tests on structures not addressed in the standard.
DESIGN CODES
Eurocode 1
EN 1991-1-3
Swiss Standard
SIA 261
CHARACTERISTICS
- recommended to use for structures not covered by the standard, with irregular geometry, or with specific loads,
- the module can analyse steady-state flow,
- the wind profile can be specified according to national standards or can be defined by a custom profile with user-defined data series,
- load generation based on wind tunnel pressure field,
- the program places the loads on the load panels enclosing the building/structure or directly on the structural elements,
- primarily recommended for the determination of external pressure coefficients; internal pressure coefficients are challenging to analyse (e.g., residential buildings, complex interiors),
- the structure behaves as a rigid body in the digital wind tunnel.
DETAILS
DIGITAL WIND SIMULATION
AXISVM utilizes the OpenFOAM® (Open Field Operation And Manipulation) open-source C++ toolkit to conduct wind tunnel simulations.
For more information about OpenFOAM®, visit https://www.openfoam.com.
The module automatically sets boundary conditions, solution control, and numerical parameters.
LOAD CASES
The user defines the load cases for each wind direction in the CFD load group.
The user can specify any number of wind roses in a CFD load group. A wind rose can have more than one wind direction, i.e., load case. Within a wind rose, the wind profile is the same for all load cases. Within a load group, the load cases are mutually exclusive.
USING LOAD PANELS
Load panels are required to enclose the surfaces of the building/structure that are not included in the model but are directly affected by the wind. For example roof panels, glass walls, windows, etc.Â
The program places the generated wind load on the load panels of the structure.Â
In areas of the building/structure not covered by load panels, the program directly applies wind loads to the structural elements.Â
Load panels do not participate in the structural analysis, they only provide the distribution of the applied loads to the structure.
TERRAIN
ANALYSIS
In the analysis, the dimensions of the CFD model space are defined as a function of the building height H, based on recommendations found in the literature.
The user can specify which structural elements to include in the wind tunnel model and determine the level of detail for each. For example, you can choose whether to represent beam elements in the model space using a simple polygon that encloses their cross-section or by their actual cross-sectional shape.
For the wind tunnel analysis, the meshing parameters can be set.Â
For the wind tunnel analysis, you can set the mesh parameters. Based on the specified parameters, the program divides the model space into cells using a progressively refined mesh near the structure. To obtain the correct result, the meshing parameters must be set according to the geometric complexity of the structure.
DETAILS
During the analysis, the module performs additional internal iterations as needed, depending on the mesh quality.
Throughout the simulation, the current values of the resultant forces in all three directions of the wind tunnel are displayed at each iteration step. Additionally, the module plots the current residual values.
RESULTS
After the wind tunnel simulation, the program presents streamlines, wind speed, pressure values, and the generated wind loads for each wind direction. These results can be presented as contour plots, section planes, and animations. The generated wind load cases can be run in the structural analysis, similar to other load cases.
The user can assess the accuracy of the results and verify the mesh refinement using the y+ parameter.
This module provides the ability to automatically generate the snow and wind loads on structures according to the design standard. The automatically generated meteorological load can only be placed on outer contour planes of a structure. The critical load combination result can be efficiently applied to a significant number of possible load combinations.
In many cases, the simple schemes and design rules detailed in the standards are not applicable for the analysis of more complex structures. In the case of wind loads, it may be justifiable to carry out computational simulations and/or experiments to define the steady-state wind pressure for the structure.
The WIND module of AXISVM offers support to designers for such cases by determination of wind loads using digital wind tunnel simulations for arbitrary structures. A detailed description of the WIND module can be found on the Generation of meteorological loads page.
Requirements / recommendations
- no requirements
DESIGN CODES
Eurocode 1
EN 1991-1-3
EN 1991-1-4
Swiss standard
SIA 261
Italian standard
NTC
CHARACTERISTICS
- automatic generation of snow and wind loads according to the selected standard
- individual parameters that can be specified according to the requirements of national annexes
- the meteorological loads are distributed on load panels covering the building or structure
- load zones are created based on the type and geometry of the structure
- the algorithm handles both undrifted and drifted snow load cases
- the total wind load of a complex structure can be assembled by the loads of the implemented basic structural types
- the generated meteorological loads are considered as static loads; their dynamic effect cannot be examined
DETAILS
AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF LOAD CASES
The module automatically generates the necessary load cases belonging to the snow and wind load groups. Depending on the requirements of the standard, there can be a significant number of load combinations, the handling of which is facilitated by the critical combination result.
USING LOAD PANELS
The module requires the use of the AxisVM load panel tool. The boundary planes of the structure must be covered by load panels; the snow and wind loads are distributed on these panels considering different load zones.
The load panel has no structural role in the model. It only serves to distribute the loads placed on it to the structural elements.
SNOW LOAD PARAMETERS
Snow loads can be generated for pitched, flat, or cylindrical roofs. The characteristic value of the snow load and other coefficients can be defined considering the specific rules of the set standard.
SNOW LOAD – SPECIAL OPTIONS
The module can calculate snow load shape coefficients for roofs abutting and close to taller construction works or roofs with a parapet that acts as an obstruction. It can also consider the effects of overhanging snow on roof edges. Parameters are stored with the edges so different roof edges can have different parameters.
As the wind direction, the global X, Y directions of the model and the directions enclosing an angle of 45 degrees with them are taken into account.
WIND LOAD PARAMETERS
The required basic data of wind loads can be set in the general parameters. The required data may differ depending on the set standard:
- wind velocity and pressure coefficients
- terrain category
- custom directional factors
WIND LOAD – CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WIND
In the module, wind loads can be assigned and generated for substructures of a model, defined by the selected parts. For each substructure, a primary structural model type according to the standard must be assigned. For building type substructures flat roof, mono-pitch roof, duo-pitch roof, hip roof, and barrel roof types are available. Additionally, canopies and free-standing walls and signboards can also be defined.
The implemented method allows the user to approximate the wind load of complex structure with different standard models, and the program can combine wind loads for such substructures into a general wind load for the whole structure.
TABLE OF WIND LOAD PARAMETERS
After the wind loads have been generated, all the data related to their calculation is available in the Table Browser. Wind load parameters summarize the values that are not load case specific while wind load case parameters summarize load case specific parameters for each wind load case. These parameters are grouped by the zones generated on the selected load panels.
WIND MODULE
In many cases, the specifications for typical structures discussed in the standards do not apply to the analysis of more complex spatial structures.Â
To assess wind loads, it may be necessary to evaluate pressure fields using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and/or wind tunnel testing. The WIND module offers support to designers in such cases. The WIND module enables the determination of wind loads using a digital wind tunnel simulation. The wind pressure field obtained from the wind tunnel simulation is converted to structural loads, forming load cases for each specified wind direction.
Requirements / Recommendation
- The module can be used to perform digital wind tunnel simulation tests on structures not addressed in the standard.
DESIGN CODES
Eurocode 1
EN 1991-1-3
Swiss Standard
SIA 261
CHARACTERISTICS
- recommended to use for structures not covered by the standard, with irregular geometry, or with specific loads,
- the module can analyse steady-state flow,
- the wind profile can be specified according to national standards or can be defined by a custom profile with user-defined data series,
- load generation based on wind tunnel pressure field,
- the program places the loads on the load panels enclosing the building/structure or directly on the structural elements,
- primarily recommended for the determination of external pressure coefficients; internal pressure coefficients are challenging to analyse (e.g., residential buildings, complex interiors),
- the structure behaves as a rigid body in the digital wind tunnel.
DETAILS
DIGITAL WIND SIMULATION
AXISVM utilizes the OpenFOAM® (Open Field Operation And Manipulation) open-source C++ toolkit to conduct wind tunnel simulations.
For more information about OpenFOAM®, visit https://www.openfoam.com.
The module automatically sets boundary conditions, solution control, and numerical parameters.
LOAD CASES
The user defines the load cases for each wind direction in the CFD load group.
The user can specify any number of wind roses in a CFD load group. A wind rose can have more than one wind direction, i.e., load case. Within a wind rose, the wind profile is the same for all load cases. Within a load group, the load cases are mutually exclusive.
USING LOAD PANELS
Load panels are required to enclose the surfaces of the building/structure that are not included in the model but are directly affected by the wind. For example roof panels, glass walls, windows, etc.Â
The program places the generated wind load on the load panels of the structure.Â
In areas of the building/structure not covered by load panels, the program directly applies wind loads to the structural elements.Â
Load panels do not participate in the structural analysis, they only provide the distribution of the applied loads to the structure.
TERRAIN
ANALYSIS
In the analysis, the dimensions of the CFD model space are defined as a function of the building height H, based on recommendations found in the literature.
The user can specify which structural elements to include in the wind tunnel model and determine the level of detail for each. For example, you can choose whether to represent beam elements in the model space using a simple polygon that encloses their cross-section or by their actual cross-sectional shape.
For the wind tunnel analysis, the meshing parameters can be set.Â
For the wind tunnel analysis, you can set the mesh parameters. Based on the specified parameters, the program divides the model space into cells using a progressively refined mesh near the structure. To obtain the correct result, the meshing parameters must be set according to the geometric complexity of the structure.
DETAILS
During the analysis, the module performs additional internal iterations as needed, depending on the mesh quality.
Throughout the simulation, the current values of the resultant forces in all three directions of the wind tunnel are displayed at each iteration step. Additionally, the module plots the current residual values.
RESULTS
After the wind tunnel simulation, the program presents streamlines, wind speed, pressure values, and the generated wind loads for each wind direction. These results can be presented as contour plots, section planes, and animations. The generated wind load cases can be run in the structural analysis, similar to other load cases.
The user can assess the accuracy of the results and verify the mesh refinement using the y+ parameter.
